Search Results
Martha Baker papers, 1668-1868, bulk 1788-1815 14 Linear Feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, research files, audio-visual recording and ephemera on women's issues. David Dinkins mayoral campaign. Documents relating to her long working relationship with Bella Abzug. Original files of NYC Commission on the status of women chaired by Bella Abzug, files for WEDO, women's strike for peace and Abzug's 1972 womens trips to Cuba, and Abzug's campaign for Mayor of NYC.
Columbia College papers, 1703-1964, bulk 1754-1920 66.08 linear feet
Diplomas and Certificates Collection, 1714-2003, bulk 1800-1959 56.87 linear feet
Judaica book trade correspondence & broadsides, 1740-1955 0.5 linear feet
Collection of letters and ephemera relating to the Judaica book trade, most from 1926-1955. The collection includes correspondence from all over the world, including Vienna, Lisbon, Italy, the United States, and Palestine/Israel. It is notable as a rare glimpse into the world of pre-Holocaust collecting, as well as the early history of Jewish settlement in Palestine. Notable bookdealers and collectors include Biegeleisen (New York), David Frankel (Vienna and New York), Yochanan and Abraham Rubenstein (Haifa), Efraim Keizer (Pressburg) Yehuda Idil Bialistotsky (Slonim), Rubin Mass (Jerusalem), etc. The majority of the collection is in Hebrew, but other languages include English, German, and French.
Buildings and grounds collection, 1755-2011, bulk 1880-2000 15.85 linear feet
Harold Larson papers, 1759-1983 6 boxes
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, notes, photographs, transcripts of historical documents, and printed materials. Larson's correspondence consists of professional correspondence relating to historical research; his work at the United States National Archives, including correspondence with Philip Hamer while preparing a special survey of archival materials in the U.S. Virgin Islands under a Works Progress Administration grant, 1936-1937; genealogical research; and personal correspondence with family and friends. Manuscripts by Larson relate to Alexander Hamilton, Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, Danish National Archives, archival research in the U. S. Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Army activities in Korea and in the Virgin Islands.
Seymour B. Durst Collection of Historical Manuscripts, Documents & Newspapers, 1764-1990 67 Linear Feet
A collection of 17 cataloged items collected by Seymour B. Durst as part of his Old York Library collection. In addition there is a quite extensive collection of newspapers.
F. W. (Frederick Wilcox) Dupee papers, 1778-2003, bulk 1933-1979 9.43 linear feet
Daniel D. Tompkins papers, 1795-1940 .42 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, photographs, prints, and printed material relating to Tompkins and his family. The cataloged correspondence includes two letters while he was Governor, one from John Peter Van Ness, New York Congressman, and Tompkin's letter to Rev. Peter I. Van Pelt on the creation of a college on Staten Island. The manuscripts consist of Tompkin's Columbia College valedictory address, biographical and genealogical items. There are 5 portraits of Tompkins and his wife as well as cabinet photographs of the Governor's mansion in Albany
James Harper papers, 1800-1925 4.59 linear feet
William Peterfield Trent papers, 1800-1941 2 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, photographs and printed materials. The correspondence is with American and English literary figures and Columbia faculty members. Included are 38 letters from Brander Matthews and 4 from Edmund Gosse. There are 5 letters from Trent to George Whicher, 3 to John Hart, and 180 postcards and letters to John Bell Henneman, as well as a group of miscellaneous letters to and from Trent. Also included are a holograph fair copy of Trent's poem "Germany, 1915" with his covering a.l.s. and several miscellaneous poems; and his contract with J.B. Lippincott Co. for the publication of GEORGE SAND. There are also two documents signed by George W. Maynard. Among the photographs is a photograph album, prepared by Hudson Stuck in 1899, of people and scenes from Dallas, Texas. Among the printed materials are Trent's examinations and outlines for English courses, and THE UNPOPULAR REVIEW with numerous pages of Trent's notes
Historical biographical files, 1800-2022 184.31 linear feet
The materials that comprise the Historical Biographical Files have been collected and added to from a variety of sources over the years by current and previous staff. The files consist of materials related to people who have a connection to the University whether as student, alumni, administrator, faculty, staff, guest lecturer, or honorary degree recipient. Materials generally consist of newspaper and magazine clippings, press releases, programs, ephemera, printed matter, lists, reports, and pamphlets.
Historical subject files, 1810s-2022, bulk 1968-1972 181.81 linear feet
Peter Viereck papers, 1815-2006 83.7 linear feet
Wolf Franck collection, 1816-1971 .5 linear feet
The collection includes both Wolf Franck's autograph collection, as well as some correspondence between Franck and his wife and notable figures.
Ludwig and Friedrich Tieck letters, 1820-1847 0.5 linear feet
Letters written by the Tieck brothers Ludwig Tieck and Christian Friedrich Tieck. Ludwig's seven letters were directed from Dresden and Berlin, 1820-1847, to various people on mainly personal subjects. Friedrich's four letters were sent from Berlin, 1837-1842. One of these was written to a court official regarding an inscription to be put on the bust of General Gneisenau which Tieck had just completed. The others are personal.
Otis Nelson papers, 1820-1880s 2 boxes
The collection is representative of the activities of small businessmen in New Gloucester Maine and in the details of local government. Included are account books, business communications, letters, receipts, deeds, mortgates, personal and social correspondence of the Otis Nelson family, and letters of Lilly Nelson.
George Walter Papers, 1820s-1970s 2.94 linear feet
Anderson Family Papers, 1828-1876 0.5 linear feet
Correspondence, documents and printed materials of the family of Lewis Nostrand Anderson, Jr., 1904- (Columbia A.B. 1926). Included are letters to his grandfather, Samuel Cowdrey Anderson from Charles Francis Adams and Carl Schurz as well as printed material concerning the National Reform League in 1876 and letters to Samuel's father, Peter, from Louis Kossuth, and Peter's military appointment in 1828 signed by Governor DeWitt Clinton.
Charlemagne Tower papers, 1830-1889 64 Linear Feet
Correspondence and letter books, 1845-1889, of Charlemagne Tower, as well as legal and business papers related to real estate transactions, coal and iron lands in Pennsylvania, and the family affairs of the Tower family.
Correspondence, manuscripts, and printed material by and about Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard (1809-1889), spanning his adult life from 1831 to 1889. The majority of the correspondence covers his positions as President of the University of Mississippi, 1856-1861, and President of Columbia College, 1864-1889.
Donald C. Brace Papers, 1839-1991, bulk 1901-1955 3 linear feet
Thomas Whiteside papers, 1839-1995, bulk 1952-1992 29 linear feet
MacDonald Family correspondence, 1842-1930 0.5 linear feet
This family archive includes numerous letters which shed light on MacDonald's career and the operation of the Sanford Hall asylum: 4 letters from James MacDonald to brother Allan MacDonald concerning the operation of their asylum, 1842-48, including one concerning admission of the widow of John Delmonico, the famous restaurateur, 22 March 1843: "They are respectable folks and want everything done for the comfort and advantage of Ms. D." * 7 letters of introduction and other documents relating to Dr. MacDonald's tour of European asylums, 1831-2 * Letter from Dr. MacDonald to his wife, who was apparently running the Murray Hill asylum briefly in his absence: "I hope you will have a more quiet afternoon than yesterday. Pray do all you can to keep the place quiet, particularly in front of the house." 17 June [1841?] * Letter from James MacDonald to Dr. Ranny of Blackwell's Island, referring a patient, 30 April 1849 (shortly before his death) * 18 letters from Dr. Josiah W. Barstow (superintendent of Sanford Hall) to widow Eliza H. MacDonald, circa 1857-60, most concerning the asylum * One long letter from C.M. Kittredge to Dr. Barstow, 1870, concerning a new Sanford Hall patient, B.B. Colah, a Parsi from India * Letter from Dr. Pliny Earle to widow Eliza MacDonald, 1857, researching Dr. MacDonald's use of restraints in the 1830s, with her draft response * plus more than a hundred family letters and receipts.
Joseph Parrish Thompson and Leonard Bacon papers, 1845-1928 3.5 linear feet
Alumni Class Records, 1850-1989 24.84 linear feet
The Alumni Class Records contains materials pertaining to the alumni from the Classes of 1842 to 1963, from Columbia College and the School of Mines, later the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Content includes programs, menus, invitations, clippings, correspondence, and printed matter related to activities from college days to the many reunion events in the subsequent years.
Hoyt family papers, 1855-1924 2.5 linear feet
Wilbertine Teters Worden papers, 1859-1949 14.5 linear feet
Personal, professional, and family papers of the journalist and writer Wilbertine Teters Worden (1866-1949). Some of the files concern her father, Colonel Wilbert Barton Teters (1836-1923) a Civil War veteran, his military reunions, and his gold mining interests in Colorado. Wilbertine Teters Worden's own manuscripts include both fiction (short stories and poetry) and non-fiction (she often wrote love stories from early American history). The collection also includes her diaries dating from 1885 through 1948. There does not appear to be much in the collection related to Worden's novel, The Snows of Yester-year" (Boston, Arena Publishing Company, 1895).
Marion Meade papers, 1859-1993 9 linear feet
This collection of contracts, patent assignments, other legal documents, and correspondence of Edison and others, deals with the development of the telegraph and the expansion of the telegraph network. There are 31 cataloged legal documents concerning his telegraphic patents, his company (Pope, Edison & Company), and its purchase by The Gold and Stock Telegraph Company in 1870. Other contracts concern the early work of Samuel F.B. Morse and other inventors, and later telegraph companies.
Helen Worden Erskine papers, 1860-1984 72 Linear Feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, drafts, notes, documents, drawings, photographs, audio tapes, clippings, and other printed materials covering every aspect of Helen Worden Erskine Cranmer's life and career. There are extensive biographical files on: Jenny S. Bradley, Prince Charles of England, Joseph Dixon, Dwight and Mamie Doud Eisenhower, Rosina Lhévinne, Paul Niehans, the Morgan twins (Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt and Thelma Morgan Converse Furness), Jovanka Tito, Harry and Bess Truman, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor; and large files on crime, recluses, New York City history, and travel. There are extensive drafts and source materials for her unpublished autobiography. There are pencil sketches, pen-and-ink drawings, watercolors, charcoal sketches, photographs, and printed copies by Helen Worden Erskine Cranmer and by others.
John Austin Stevens Letters and Documents, 1860s-1890s 0.42 linear feet
Collection of 290 letters and documents (150 autograph letters signed, 140 documents and receipts), dated 1860s-1890s, written to and about New York financier and author John Austin Stevens and his son.
Department of Physics Historical records, 1862-1997, bulk 1906-1957 2.29 linear feet
Society for Classical Studies records, 1868-2018 50.5 linear feet
Documentary forms include correspondence, manuscripts, minutes, documents, financial records, membership records, photographs, and printed materials. Topics in the records include publications; Secretary's Office; Treasurer's Office; Membership; Officers, Directors, committees; Outside Persons and Organizations; Presses; and Programs, Placement and Meeting Sites. In addition, there are three scrapbooks (1869-1903) and one record book which contain minutes of the Society for Classical Studies meetings and sessions dating from 1868 to 1881.
Seth Low papers, 1870-1930 145 boxes
Correspondence and papers of Low. Both sides of the correspondence are almost intact from 1890 on, with copies of outgoing letters for the two previous decades. There are also four letterpress copybooks, numerous scrapbooks of clippings relating to Low's career and activities, a large number of photographs and other memorabilia, and printed and manuscript copies of many of Low's speeches. Also, contains ten boxes of Annie Low's (Mrs. Seth Low) business and financial correspondence, invitations and regrets, requests for donations, and bills for the period 1914 to 1930.
Peter Schickele Papers, 1874-2013, bulk 1955-2013 56.5 linear feet
Isadore Gilbert Mudge papers, 1875-1977, bulk 1910-1957 2.09 linear feet
Columbia College records, 1875-2022, bulk 1969-1987 123 Linear Feet
Papers of the Society, including correspondence among the officers and directors of the Society, memoranda, reports, legal papers, minutes, financial records, radio scripts, clippings, scrapbooks, comic books, and a subject file of pamphlets and clippings on all aspects of crime prevention. Also, an extensive history of the Society.
Isaak Naumovich Al'tschuler Papers, 1881-1964 1 Linear Feet
Papers include personal and professional correspondence, documents, manuscripts, photographs, drawings, printed materials. Most of the collection consists of Al'tschuler's personal and professional papers and letters from colleagues, patients and friends. Materials of the collection deal with professional affairs, revolution and civil war in Crimea, Al'tschuller's sanatorium in Yalta, emigration to Constantinople, Germany, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, activity of such organizations as Russkii zagranichnyi istoricheskii arkhiv and Vserossiiskii zemskii soiuz.
Leo Rudolph Etzkorn papers, 1881-1976, bulk 1937-1976 1.05 linear feet
Letters, copies of photographs, printed materials and exhibit labels relating to Edith Wharton, 1862-1937, American novelist and short story writer, best known for such works as "Ethan Frome" (1911) and "The Age of Innocence" (1920). A collection of printed works by and about Wharton given by Mrs. Haverstick is cataloged in Rare Books.
James McKeen Cattell papers, 1890-1922 0.5 linear feet
With the exception of letters to John Dewey, George Rives, G. Stanley Hall and some original incoming correspondence, the papers of James McKeen Cattell consist of typescript copies of correspondence with Seth Low, Nicholas Murray Butler, and faculty members, dealing with Psychology Dept. matters, professional matters, and Cattell's battle for academic freedom which ended in his dismissal from and subsequent suit against Columbia. Included are typescript copies of University reports, printed court records, and transcripts of correspondence with Cattell's lawyers.
Department of History records, 1890-1959 2 linear feet
Central Files (Office of the President records), 1890-1984 927 linear feet
L. Carrington Goodrich papers, 1890-1991 11 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, notes, notecards, journals, diaries, photographs, slides, memorabilia and printed materials documenting Goodrich's career in the field of Chinese language and history, as well as materials on the cultural affairs of twentieth century China. Among the cataloged correspondence are Joseph Alsop, Pearl S. Buck, Norman Cousins, Philip C. Jessup, H.H. Kung, Owen Lattimore, and Nathan Pusey. Part of the collection is arranged in Goodrich's alphabetical subject/name file and the remainder is arranged alphabetically. The correspondence is from colleagues, students, business associates, friends, etc. The subject files are on a variety of topics concerning China, the Far East, printing, medicine, the arts, and technology; material on the Chinese Civil Service Examination; associations, schools, foundations, missions and their work in the Far East.
Leopold Haimson Papers, 1890s-1999 88 linear feet
Marie Mattingly Meloney papers, 1891-1943 22 Linear Feet
Hu Shih Diaries, 1892-1935 6 Reels
Ernest Hunter Wright Collection, 1892-1968, bulk 1924-1968 2.5 linear feet
Leo Lerman papers, 1893-2012, bulk 1937-1994 105.54 linear feet
Correspondence from turn-of-the-century mathematicians written to White. The letters combine personal and business matters and reveal the warm friendship which existed between the scholars. Of interest are the efforts of these men in getting important mathematical journals published.
Correspondence, manuscripts, photographs and printed materials relating to "The New Armenia" and historic Armenia. "The New Armenia" introduced the English-speaking world to Armenian history, culture and national aspirations. The publication also printed the views of eminent people regarding Armenia's course in world affairs
Willard L. Severinghaus Papers, 1895-1947 4.5 linear feet
The Willard L. Severinghaus Papers include the personal and professional papers of Columbia University Physics professor Willard Lesly Severinghaus, as well as a small amount of material related to the extended Severinghaus family. There are also record books from the Terre Haute, Indiana German Methodist Episcopal Church where Severinghaus's father, John F. Severinghaus, was pastor.
Maurice Peress papers, 1898-1923, 1950s-2017 55 linear feet
Correspondence, biographical materials, manuscripts, and published materials.
Women's Graduate Club of Columbia University records, 1898-1956 1.5 linear feet
Raisa Berg Papers, 1898-2006 44 linear feet
Yiddish Theatre Collection, 1899-1962, bulk 1925-1950 1 linear feet
Harold Triggs papers, 1900-1984 1.5 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, photographs, and printed materials documenting the life of Harold Melvin Triggs. The correspondence is primarily personal and from other musicians. There are concert prograpms from various points in Trigg's career and photographs primarily of Triggs and Vera Brodsky. There are manuscript and printed scores mainly of piano music but of some orchestral music as well. There is also a scrap book made by Triggs as a small child
Rosario Ferré Papers, 1900-2014, bulk 1950s-2010 25.5 linear feet
Bialystoker Community archive, 1900s 2.5 linear feet
Materials relating to the Bialystocker Community. Six oversize photographs, one Yiddish typewriter.
Photocopies of four letters sent to Karl Hjalmar Branting. Three of the letters, dated 1901-1907, are from Lenin to Branting; one of these is also signed by Fedor Dan. The fourth letter (undated) is from Grigorii Zinov'ev. The originals of these letters are in the Archives of the Swedish Labor Movement.
Francis T. P. Plimpton papers, 1901-1983 29 linear feet
Samuel Eilenberg Papers, 1902-1996 10.21 linear feet
This collection contains materials either written or collected by Samuel Eilenberg, including original mathematics notes, books and article drafts and revisions, correspondence with fellow mathematicians, friends, art museums and collectors, photographs, and family, personal and legal documents spanning 1902 to 1996.
Rafael Steinberg Papers, 1903-2014, bulk 1944-1980 19.25 linear feet
Mary Bridges-Adams Collection on British Labour Movement and Russian Socialists, 1905-1939 3 linear feet
V. K. Wellington Koo papers, 1906-1992, bulk 1931-1966 120.5 Linear Feet
Yong-jeung Kim papers, 1906-1994, bulk 1940-1975 6 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, speeches, documents, news releases, printed materials, audio recordings, and motion picture film. Of interest in the correspondence are letters from John Foster Dulles, Lieut. Gen. John R. Hodge and Maj. Gen. Archer L. Lerch, the first two U.S. military governors of South Korea, Syngman Rhee, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Kim Il Sung. His correspondence deals mainly with the issue of reunification. The manuscript series includes articles and speeches by Kim as well as unpublished manuscripts by others assigned to him. The documents are mainly those related to the Korean Affairs Institute. The press clippings and printed materials cover Korean problems from 1945 to 1975 and include Korean language newspapers and periodicals. Thera are also some books and pamphlets from his library, including printed volumes of Korean government documents and other books on Korea from the first two decades of the twentieth century, six electrical transcriptions of radio programs in which Kim was interviewed, and one motion picture film "Liberation of Korea."
Paul Richard Palmer records, 1907-1986 6 linear feet
Correspondence and inscribed photographs sent to Paul Palmer. Mr. Palmer has collected portraits of film and theater notables and other celebrities since the 1920s. Many of the photographs are inscribed to him and there is some correspondence as well as lobby display cards. Among the cataloged names are: Katharine Cornell, Lillian & Dorothy Gish, Rudyard Kipling, Gertrude Lawrence, Sir Compton Mackenzie, Mary Pickford, Constance & Norma Talmadge, Dame Sybil Thorndike, and H. G. Wells
I. I. Rabi papers, 1908-1998, bulk circa 1940s-1980s 24 linear feet
The bulk of the collection relates to awards, honorary degrees, and other honors bestowed on I. I. Rabi during the latter half of his career. It contains correspondence, manuscript drafts, pamphlets, lectures, articles, interviews, reports, panel discussions, transcripts, books, and conference materials about Rabi's work. Includes photographs, VHS recordings, audiocassettes, scrapbooks, and press clippings related to his career. Subjects include science, atomic energy and weapons, peace, education, NATO, history, government, world affairs, and honors. Also includes awards, honorary degrees, certificates, medals, and other memorabilia. In addition, correspondence regarding his estate, the awards established in his honor, and related memorials. These were the materials that I.I. Rabi's widow, Helen Newmark Rabi, did not donate to the Library of Congress but kept as her own mementos.
Graduate School of Journalism records, 1912-2011, bulk 1950-1989 71.26 linear feet
Peter G. Davis Papers, 1912-2021, bulk 1948-2021 13 Linear Feet
Huang, Fu papers, 1913-1945 0.8 Linear Feet
David Flaherty papers, 1913-1965 9 Linear Feet
Columbia University in World War I Collection, 1914-1970 8.92 linear feet
Ezra Pound papers, 1915-1959 1 linear feet
Manuscripts and correspondence. The typescript of THE PISAN CANTOS contains almost all of the Cantos 74-80, and 84, and part of 83. There is a carbon of the corrected version of parts of Cantos 74, 76-77, and 79-80. Included are galley proofs of Cantos 74-84 and galley and page proofs of Canto 77, the latter for the "Rocky Mountain Review." The collection contains two typescripts for CANTOS ET POEMES CHOISIS. One typescript bears corrections and notations by Pound, the other by the translator René Laubiès. Included is correspondence with Benjamin De Casseres, Daniel Dodson, Peter Loving, Dudley Fitts, Ronald Duncan, Orrick Johns, and a Mr. Thring.
Amram Scheinfeld papers, 1915-1975 24 linear feet
Manuscripts, proofs, and printed editions of Scheinfeld's books on human heredity, YOU AND HEREDITY, WOMEN AND MEN, and THE NEW YOU AND HEREDITY. Sketches and line drawings used as illustrations in the books are included. Also, manuscripts and clippings of his magazine articles; many examples of his comic strips, including "Dixie Dugan;" and correspondence and financial documents about his works.
Agnes Kun and Antal Hidas Papers, 1915-1987 4 linear feet
Herman Wouk papers, 1915-2003, bulk 1940-1960 23.26 linear feet
George Sterling papers, 1916-1943 0.5 linear feet
Letters and manuscripts by George Sterling, including three personal letters, drafts of four poems, a 15 page typescript of his poem "Yosemite", inscribed to his friend Fenner Hale Web, a 95 page typescript of his verse drama "Lilith", and a bibibliography of Sterlings works by Sterling in 1925. Also includes two sheets signed and addressed by Sterling, 8 photographs of Sterling, and a printed copy of his bookplate.
Thomas Day Thacher Papers, 1917-1950 2000 items
The papers include correspondence, subject files, photographs, and printed materials. The majority of the collection concerns the mission of the American Red Cross to Russia in 1917-1918; Thacher served as a secretary of the mission. There are letters and telegrams by W.B. Thompson and Raymond Robins, records of supplies, shipments, and distribution reports and over 600 photographs from Russia, China, and Romania. There is substantial correspondence from 1918-1919 concerning Russia, including letters by Louis Brandeis, Felix Frankfurter, and Lillian Wald. A substantial part of the collection concerns Russian war relief in 1941-1942, an area in which Thacher was active. Printed materials include a pamphlet and an article on Russia prepared by Thacher after his return from that country in early 1918.
Constance Webb papers, 1918-2005, bulk 1939-2002 9.3 linear feet
George Antheil papers, 1919-1959 3.92 linear feet
Geoffrey Parsons papers, 1919-1959 4 linear feet
Correspondence, manuscripts, documents, notebooks, memorabilia, a tape cassette, photographs, and printed materials. The collection is primarily correspondence files, both personal and professional, along with book reviews, awards and diplomas, letters of condolence on his death, clippings, and correspondence, manuscripts and printed materials relating to THE STREAM OF HISTORY. The correspondence relates specifically to the third edition. The manuscripts are typed and holograph inserts for the third edition and possibly for the second edition as well. Among the manuscripts are twenty-two notebooks containing holograph notes and drafts of chapters. The printed material consists of one copy of THE STREAM OF HISTORY, 1934 edition.
Reid Hall records, 1919-1997 10.42 linear feet
Herbert Wechsler Papers, 1919-2000, bulk 1932-1995 60 linear feet
Schuyler C. Wallace papers, 1920-1945 0.25 linear feet
Correspondence, reports, papers, and notes of Wallace. The collection consists primarily of copies of correspondence, student papers, government and organizational reports, and Wallace's own notes and drafts of papers.
Tony Kushner papers, 1920, 1961-2018 84 linear feet
James Lawrence Fly papers, 1920-1977 55 boxes
James Lawrence Fly papers consist of correspondence, manuscripts, drafts, notes, reports, legal briefs and other documents, books, clippings, and other printed materials dealing with Fly's professional activities and relationships in all three phases of his career. Correspondents include Roger N. Baldwin, Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, Elmer Rice, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Harry Truman.